Monthly Archives: July 2022

Invading India, 1001-30

The first ruler to have the title “Sultan” was Mahmoud of Ghazni, who followed his Mamluk father to power in 998. Their kingdom was in Afghanistan, so they were perched right on the threshold of India. At this point, Islam’s … Continue reading

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North African Puritans: the Rise of the Malikis

When the Ismaili Shi’ites were looking for an accepting, protective tribe distant from Baghdad’s central power, they found it in the Kutama tribe of Berbers. With this base, they took over the Mediterranean strip of North Africa, and on across … Continue reading

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The Fall of Cordoba, 1012

In 976, around the same time that Fatimids were building Cairo, the last powerful descendant of Abd al-Rahman died in Cordoba. He left a 12 year old son, Hisham II, with Hisham’s mother as regent. As so often happened, a … Continue reading

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The Druze, 1019-forward

Many Muslims from other parts of the empire came to study Ismaili doctrine and law at al-Azhar and Dar al-Hikma. Al-Azhar became the more public face, providing public lectures on Ismaili law, while Dar al-Hikma focused more on the esoteric … Continue reading

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The Mad Caliph al-Hakim, 996-1021

Caliph al-Aziz died of sudden serious illness in Bilbeis as he traveled toward Palestine and Syria. His 11 year old son was also on the trip, and he was summoned to his dying father’s side. Al-Aziz put his turban on … Continue reading

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